What Is the Long-Term Impact of Water Fluoridation on Children’s Oral Health?

Recent research has found that Water Fluoridation has a positive impact on the long-term oral health of children. The research took place over a seven-year period. The results showed that those exposed to water fluoridation typically have stronger oral health than those who are not exposed to it. Therefore, these findings evidence the benefits of water fluoridation.

Recent research has analyzed the long-term impact that water fluoridation has on the oral health of children. The research took place over a seven-year period, and largely produced promising findings.

In positive news, the research team found that exposure to water fluoridation resulted in a “modest” benefit to the dental health of children [1].

What is Water Fluoridation?

Water fluoridation refers to the process of adding a small concentration of Fluoride into the public water supply [2].

Fluoride has been praised for instigating a strong reduction in cavities [3]. Furthermore, it is seen as a crucial ingredient in oral health, and can help keep our teeth strong.

However, water fluoridation is a controversial topic that has caused heated debate. For example, many countries have banned its use. Controversies involve the ethics of water fluoridation, the dangers of over-exposure to fluoride and the issue over a lack of choice.

How did the Research work?

The research was led by the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom. Now, their findings have been published in the Public Health Research journal [1].

This was an important study, as it presented researchers with a chance to complete a first-of-its-kind study, which produced a contemporary review of the effects of the initiation of a water fluoridation scheme in the UK since fluoride toothpaste became widely available in the 1970s [1].

The study assessed the dental health of two cohorts of young children over a six year period. The children were based in two parts of Cumbria – a county in England. In 2013 fluoride was reintroduced to the water supply [1].

One group, consisting of 1,144 participants, were born after 2013 [1]. Therefore, these were five/six years of age by the conclusion of the study.

The other group had been born in 2008 or 2009. There were 1,192 children in this group. Therefore, this cohort were aged 10 or 11 by the conclusion of the study [1].

Adopting such an approach ensured that one group would be exposed purely to fluoridated water. However, the other group would have reached the age of 5 before being introduced to fluoridated water.

This arrangement would ensure that the researchers would be able to compare the oral health of the two groups.

To measure the results, dental teams carried out regular dental examinations on the children [1]. Moreover, pictures were taken. These images were blinded to the fluoridation status of each participant to remove any potential issue of bias.

The Results

The results were interesting. In the cohort that had been exposed to fluoridated water, 17.4% of the children had decayed, filled or missing milk teeth [1].

However, in the cohort that had not benefitted from water fluoridation, 21.4% of the children had decayed, filled or missing milk teeth [1].

Therefore, there was a 4% reduction in teeth problems – with those in areas with water fluoridation having less problems [1].

These results are unsurprising, and are consistent with other findings. For example, in general, since fluoride was first introduced 40 years ago, the number of children affected by tooth decay has fallen dramatically [1].

The impact on the NHS

Dental fees are not free, unlike the majority of healthcare in the United Kingdom. However, free dental care is available for pregnant women and those on a low-income.

But dental pain often results in people seeking help in Accident & Emergency departments, rather than dental clinics. Consequently, this costs the United Kingdom’s NHS a substantial amount [4].

Therefore, another positive finding with this study was that the researchers believed that water fluoridation was a cost-effective way of reducing some of the money spent on dental caries by the NHS – which equates to around £1.7billion per year [5].

Author Comments

The authors of the research commented on the findings. They noted that tooth decay is typically worse in disadvantaged groups and vulnerable populations [5].

With this in mind, Professor Mike Kelly noted that “health inequalities are a feature of all societies, including the UK” [5]. Continuing, he said that “the most disadvantaged communities and the excess number of children having general anesthetics each year still needs to be addressed” [5].

Therefore, Kelly said that there is a “need to continually look at measures which can help prevent the unnecessary burden of pain and suffering” of this group [5].

But the authors were slightly surprised that the amount in difference between the two groups wasn’t higher than 4% [5]. There seemed to be a general expectation that water fluoridation’s impact would be more noticeable.

Summary

This is a positive finding. Water fluoridation does appear to have a strong effect on the oral health of children. Childhood is a crucial time for oral health, as they can get into strong habits that can carry them through life.

These findings may result in more of an uptake of water fluoridation – both around the United Kingdom and further abroad.

Thinking points…

1) It is important as adults to set a good example to children. As part of this, we should ensure that we demonstrate strong oral hygiene in front of them, which includes brushing frequently. This will help children to get into good habits that can help their oral health throughout life. A crucial part of oral health is to visit a dentist for a check-up at least twice a year. We recommend booking one soon!

2) As this research shows, fluoride is very important for oral health. Therefore, at a minimum, remember to use fluoridated toothpaste. As well as this, remember to try and avoid sugar where possible. If you need some advice on your oral health, or have any questions about it, why not have a discussion with your dentist? They will be able to assist you and help where possible.

What we offer at Savanna Dental

Savanna Dental is a Calgary dental clinic that provide its patients with a range of treatment options and advice aimed at improving oral health.

It is very important to brush your teeth at least twice a day and to floss regularly. Moreover, eating healthily and trying to avoid sugary foods and drink can be helpful.

We advise our patients to attend our Calgary-based dental clinic twice a year for a regular dental check-up. When problems are detected, we have many treatments available. For instance, these include cavity fillings and root canals.

Here at Savanna Dental, we also have some cosmetic treatments available! These include dental implants, teeth whitening and Invisalign[TM]! Many people find that these treatments have a positive impact on their appearance, confidence and self-esteem.

In addition, all of our services at our Calgary dental clinic Savanna Dental are in line with the Alberta Dental Fee Guide.

We would love you to visit our Savanna Dental clinic in Calgary! You can find out more about us by visiting our website https://savannadentalclinic.ca.

References

[1] Goodwin, M., Emsley, R., Kelly, M. P., Sutton, M., Tickle, M., Walsh, T., Whittaker, W., & Pretty, I. A. (2022). Evaluation of water fluoridation scheme in Cumbria: the CATFISH prospective longitudinal cohort study. Public Health Research. 10 (11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3310/SHMX1584.

[2] Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Worthington, H. V., Walsh T., O’Malley, L., Clarkson, J. E., Macey, R., Alam, R., Tugwell, P., Welch, V., & Glenny, A-M. (2015). Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 18 (6): CD010856. DOI: https:/www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010856.pub2.

[3] Slade, G. D., Grider, W. B., Maas, W. R., & Sanders, A. E. (2018). Water Fluoridation and Dental Caries in U.S. Children and Adolescents. Journal of Dental Research. 97 (10): p1122-1128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034518774331.

[4] Nsubuga, J. (2017). People who go to A&E with toothaches are ‘costing NHS up to £18m a year’. Available: https://metro.co.uk/2017/01/07/people-who-go-to-ae-with-toothaches-are-costing-nhs-up-to-18m-a-year-6367655/. Last accessed: 18th November 2022.

[5] Addelman, M. (2022). Study sheds new light on benefits of water fluoridation to children. Available: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-11-benefits-fluoridation-children.html. Last accessed: 18th November 2022.